The Influence of Reality TV on Society Essay - 2125 Words

According to Medical Procedure News, reality television is contributing to cosmetic surgery procedures, with more than 9.2 million procedures performed as a result of people watching reality shows. Unlike the daily fictional television shows that fill one’s life, reality shows reflect the life one lives daily, thus having a greater impact on the viewer and popular culture as a whole. Reality programs reflection of society not only helps shape popular culture but reinforces traditional family values, morals, and beliefs. Bravo’s original reality television show, The Real Housewives of Orange County portrays such a message to the audience. The Real Housewives of Orange County sends a message to the popular culture audience to adhere to†¦show more content†¦Her priorities include catering to her children, while living an organic fit lifestyle. Vicki Gunvalson is currently in her second marriage, with two children from her previous marriage. She is the dominant for ce in her family and often is described as controlling, and a workaholic. Jeana Keough was a former Playmate and an actress in the eighties. She currently works as a successful realtor and is married to a retired baseball player with three children. She constantly battles with raising her children as the primary parent and disciplinarian. Lauri Waring is a former model and multiple divorced single mother now living in a townhouse with her three children. She struggles to adapt to a less extravagant life, and begins to work for Gunvalson’s insurance company in order to make ends meet; until she recently met her Prince Charming and adapted back to the lifestyle she once knew. Jo De La Rosa is the youngest of the cast mates, who worked in the title insurance until she met Slade Smiley. Her monetary needs were met living with Smiley on the condition that he wanted her to become a conventional stay at home wife and mother. De La Rosa had trouble adjusting to the role because she wanted to pursue a career in music as well. Tamra Barney proclaims to be the â€Å"most attractive housewife† while having three kids with her husband as well as a twenty-three year old son from her previous marriage. Once the economy worsens she is forced to go back to work whileShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Reality Tv on the Teenagers1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact Of Reality TV on the Teenagers in Mumbai Nimish Satpute St. Andrews College Instructors : Prof. Meenakshi Kamat : Prof. Jenny Benoy Abstract Reality-based television programming has become a dominant force in television over the past seven years and a staple of most networks’ primetime lineups. This relatively quick change in the television landscape and the sudden increase in viewers’ consumption of reality televisionRead MoreTelevision And Its Influence On Our Culture985 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome a large part of our lives after the early 1950s. During this time, television was the primary medium for influencing public opinion. Its purpose was originally to influence the population and that is still apparent today; Whether that continues to be it purpose is debatable. Television as legacy media has many negative influences on our culture. This is most apparent in younger generations than any other. The scope of this paper will be identifying the negative affects popular culture televisionRead MoreDiscuss The Article ‘Reinforcing The Myth: Constructing1546 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian identity in â€Å"reality TV† ’. The main contention in Price Erma’s article ‘ Reinforcing the myth: Constructing Australian identity in â€Å"reality TV† ’ which published online on May 2010, is to portray the myth of Australian identity shows in TV that there is a balance to measure how much is true, how much is false. 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Scott, Literary Heroin) This quote has more than one truth to it. In today’s society, we rely on television for entertainment, whether that be good or bad. Television acts as a positive as well as a negative influence. According to Statistic Brain, the average person spends approximately 9 years watching TV in their lifetime. In addition, the average youth spends 900 hours per year watching TV. Following these strong statistics, IRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Has On Store For Me Tonight1547 Words   |  7 PagesIt is Monday morning and I am already thinking about what reality television has in store for me tonight. There are so many shows to choose from at prime time, so instead of making a hard decision, I simply plan to watch them all. From Basketball Wives and Black Ink Crew to Love and Hip-hop and The Real Housewives of Atlanta, my Monday night seems to be very eventful. It is something about the constant drama that keeps my glued to the TV screen – the constant shouting and fussing, not to mentionRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Shows Influences The Politics And The Culture Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesReality television shows are the usual genre of programs in the 21st century. These programs show the reality of what happens in real life. They are not like movies or series that are being acted or are done based on actual stories. The characters shown in these shows are the real people who act. Keeping up with Kardashians, Love and hip-hop, and the Police women of Cincinnati are some of the recent reality TV shows that are aired on American TV channels. Keeping up with the Kardashians is aboutRead MoreMass Media1036 Words   |  5 Pagesdecades or so, the media and its influence on the societies, has grown exponentially with the advance of technology. First there was the telegraph and the post offices, then the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television and now the int ernet and the new media including palmtops, cell phones etc. There are positive and negative influences of mass media, which we must understand as a responsible person of a society. Before discussing the influence of mass media on society it is imperative to explain theRead MoreThe Television Show Gossip Girl1576 Words   |  7 PagesGossip Girl. The entire time I watch the episode I was constantly marking down technical events. Technical events affect out perception of reality. It might sound strange, but by using technical events the production companies are tricking our brains to believe that life happens in small moments. As an observer we only witness snippets of the full picture, our reality becomes smaller, shrunk down by the absence of real time. It tricks the viewer into focussing only on the pretty picture the director andRead MoreReality Tv Affects Young Women930 Words   |  4 Pagesin 2011 entitled â€Å"Real to Me: Girls and Reality TV† in which they gave many statistics to support the way in which reality TV affects young women. In this study, they collected data from over 1,100 girls around the country and what they found was astonishing . Many of the girls, 50 percent of them to be exact, believed that real-life reality shows are â€Å"mainly real and unscripted† (Girl Scouts Institute 1). Their study showed that girls who consumed reality TV are more likely to be focused on their

Caring Hospice Business Plan - 1682 Words

Caring Hospice Business Plan Bonita Lewis Central Methodist University COMPANY SUMMARY/CATCHY-SELLS Caring Hospice is a new hospice company in its start-up stages. It will offer compassionate and caring end of life care for terminally ill patients and their families in southeast Missouri. The company name â€Å"Caring Hospice† is catchy and easily remembered by consumers. The name indicates that this company will care for dying loved ones. MARKET ANALYSIS Caring Hospice will be located in Poplar Bluff, Missouri. This is the southeastern region of the state. It is comprised of poor communities where residents often are forced to travel as far as fifty miles or more for adequate health care. Market research shows there is a†¦show more content†¦Keeping staff continually involved in policy changes will improve worker satisfaction, which is directly related to patient satisfaction (Ward amp; Gordon, 2006). RELEVANCE TO NURSING Caring Hospice is a company that will provide nursing care to patients that are terminally ill. The ultimate goal is to insure the patient is kept as comfortable as possible while maintaining dignity during the dying process. This company will send registered nurses to the patient’s home for routine physical assessments, medication teaching and administration, education about terminal diseases and the dying process. The nursing staff will also create and maintain appropriate plans of care for the multi-disciplinary team to provide holistic care to the patient. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES Caring Hospice will be made up of an inter-disciplinary team that collaborate together to provide holistic, competent, and compassionate care for terminally ill patients and their families. The team will consist of the Medical Director, Patient Care Coordinator, Registered Nurse, Bereavement Coordinator, Social Worker, Chaplain, Certified Nurse Assistant, and Office Manager. Each team member will play a vital role in creating an effective care giving system. The Medical Director is the hospice contracted Physician. The role of theShow MoreRelatedHospice : A Philosophy Of Care1640 Words   |  7 Pages Hospice: Hospice is a philosophy of care. It treats the person rather than the disease and focuses on quality of life. It surrounds the patient and family with a team consisting of professionals who not only address physical distress, but emotional and spiritual issues as well. Hospice care is patient-centered because the needs of the patient and family drive the activities of the hospice team. 1. There are many different kinds of hospice settings. What kinds of Hospice services are available inRead MoreMcdonalds : A Good Quality, Cleanliness, And Valuable Service1744 Words   |  7 Pagesto tell the chairman and the directors what to do because they are running the business. The key stakeholders are: †¢ Suppliers- Suppliers are key because they provide McDonalds with the goods that keep the business running. If the suppliers don’t agree with the price that McDonalds are offering they can find another restaurant they ca sell to. These influence McDonalds because if they stop receiving the goods the business will go bust. †¢ Trade unions- Trade Union is important because it is a groupRead MoreLeadership Analysis971 Words   |  4 Pagesthe management and staff are working on improvements using Lewin’s theory. A manager in a healthcare organization may be an easy job for some to obtain; to be an effective manager is harder and is essential for any organization who wants t stay in business (Hao Yazdanifard, 2015). Although one can go to school to learn the theories of good management, implementing their management/leadership style is something that comes with the ability to know not only your job but also with experience. To knowRead MoreOrganizational Culture At Our Place Of Employment1384 Words   |  6 Pagesof professionalism and accomplishment (Manojlovich Ketefian, 2002). We will look at the role of our organizational structure and its impact and contribution to the issues involving Nurse A. Organizational Philosophy and Goals Our home care and hospice have a Catholic affiliation. The mission includes providing care, comfort, and healing in the home related to the talents, motivation, and accomplishment of the employees. Staff can relate to the mission by collaborating with team members to provideRead More Euthanasia Essay: Assisted Suicide is Wrong1114 Words   |  5 Pagesphysician-assisted suicide (Internet).    Assisted suicide is not an act of caring, it is an act of killing, says Dr. Michael H. Levy, M.D. , Ph.D., at the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia. If all people had access to skilled pain management, along with psychological and spiritual support, assisted suicide would not be necessary (Saevri). Instead of assisted suicide, many people choose hospice care. Hospice care is a program that provides care for patients at home, where a nurse, doctorRead MoreLong-term Care: A Closer Look at Hospice Essay2574 Words   |  11 Pageslives when they cannot depend on themselves to maintain daily activities. There are many variations of long-term care available – such as home care, adult day care, and independent and assisted living, personal care facilities, nursing homes, and hospice. 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The services could be acute healthcare, hospital, emergency, inpatient services, outpatient services, urgent care, skilled nursing home, rehab, home care visiting nurse services, hospices, wellness care, public health and care management and research. The components are what services the patient needs from birth to end of life. These components are prenatal care, behavioral illness, newborn care, preventive care, healthy lifestyleRead MoreMiddleboro Case Study Executive Summary2525 Words   |  11 Pages31, 2012 Overview Effective June 1, 2012, Hillsboro County Home Health Agency (HCHHA) will be launching a new division offering Hospice services to Middleboro and surrounding community residents. This hospice center will provide end-of-life care in the form of medical, psychological, social and spiritual support for the terminally ill and their families. Hospice care services are typically structured according to the needs and wishes of each patient and their family. These may change over timeRead MoreMy Social Work Career Study1855 Words   |  8 Pageswho has held a Master’s of Social Work degree for twenty years. She graduated from Arizona State University in 1995. She is a licensed clinical social worker working for Hospice of the Valley, which is located in Phoenix Arizona. I conducted my interview with her via telephone, and followed up by email. Prior to working for hospice, she worked as a social worker in the hospital setting, an advocate for the Arizona Supreme Court 24 -hour Parent Assistance Hotline, and worked with a foster care review

OPTIMISM IN MY LIFE Essay Example For Students

OPTIMISM IN MY LIFE Essay Optimism to me is the belief that good things will prevail over bad things. I would describe an optimistic person as someone who has faith. Someone who has a great deal of confidence. Someone who believes that the right thing will always happen and always looks at the bright side of things. I think that everyone has a little optimism in them. Here is an example of optimism. A few weeks ago I was watching a football game, the team I was going for were the underdogs in the game. I had faith in that team. I was optimistic during the whole game and they ended up winning. The word optimism itself to me would mean hope. In Dr. Martin Luther King JRs I have a Dream speech, he spoke of hope for our country. He was optimistic. Lots of other famous people have been very optimistic in their words. Take Christopher Columbus for instants. He once said, It is a pleasure to gaze upon this place because it is all so green If he would not have been optimistic about the land, who knows where our country would be today. When I think of optimism, I think of the color yellow. This is because yellow is a bright color and that reminds me of looking on the bright side of things. I think optimism is a very good quality for someone to have. I would rather be a friend with an optimistic person than a pessimistic person because pessimistic people are normally very distrustful and negative about things. I think that pessimistic people can be optimistic if they try. They just have to realize that things are not always going to turn out bad. My advice to a pessimistic person who wants to become more optimistic is to be more cheerful, hopeful, enthusiastic, and joyful. The first step to be optimistic is to have confidence in you. If you have confidence in yourself, you can set your goals higher than before. The second step to become optimistic is to have confidence in others. If you encourage people, they will like you as a friend more. If you are an athlete, it is good to be an optimist. Your teammates will respect you more if you are. Even if your team is losing, you should have faith in them. I think people who are optimistic have more opportunities in life. They are not afraid of failure. An optimistic person will go out and give it their best shot instead of saying to themselves that they cant do it. Optimistic people usually convince themselves that they can do anything. Here is an example of someone that would not give up and went for his goals. A number of years ago, two brothers had a job at their school. Their job was to light the stoves in the school every morning with firewood. One morning something went wrong and there was a big explosion. The older brother died in the accident and the younger brothers legs were severely burned. The doctors first choice was to amputate the boys legs, but the boys parents insisted that the doctor wrap the boys legs up for a few months and see if they would heal. The parents assured the boy that someday he would walk again. A few months went by and the bandages were finally removed. The doctor discovered that one leg was almost three inches shorter than the other leg. The doctor assumed that the boy would never be able to walk again. But the boy would not give up. He kept on trying to walk even though it caused him great pain. Finally, the boy walked. .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 , .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 .postImageUrl , .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 , .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479:hover , .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479:visited , .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479:active { border:0!important; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479:active , .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479 .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u889934e98fd27002aec9113618fa1479:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Necklace Compared To The Star Essay By the time he was a young man, he walked almost normally. Then, he set his goals higher. He wanted to run. He exercised every day and finally he could run. He ran every day until he broke a world record in the mile run. He was then named athlete of the century. The boys parents showed optimism by hoping the legs would heal and the by telling the boy that he would be able to walk again. The man was also optimistic by achieving goals that nobody .

JAZZ and BANYAN TREE PAR

Question: Describe about PAR? Answer: Introduction: Participatory action research Longabaugh (2009) says that PAR is an approach where the research is made in the community that emphasizes on the participation and the action. It makes a way to understand the world in the manner that it will try to change the world collaboratively and following the reflection. PAR emphasizes more on the collective inquiry and also on the experimental grounded on the experience and the social history and with in this process, the communities are present there that involves the inquiry and the action evolves and address the questions and issue that are very much significant to the co-researchers and PAR contrasts with the many research methods that which mainly focuses on the disinterested kind of the researchers and also it includes that of the reproducibility of the findings. Summary PAR practitioners always makes a concerted efforts that deals with the three aspects of the work like the participation; that is in the society and democracy, action; involving the engagement with the experience and history, and also that includes that of the research; soundness of the thoughts and the growth of the knowledge. Action unites with the research and it is the collective process of the self investigation. In all the way, each of the component is understood and the relative emphasis is receives nonetheless PAR theory to another. Constantinou (2009) says that PAR means participatory action research where the community consisting of the various people assemble together and the experience of them are shared in the manner that will give the root to the understanding of the facts and the circumstances. These researches are related to the social, political and health concern. been the authors like Mary Brydon-Miller, Michael Kral, Patricia Maguire, Susan Noffke, and Anu Sabhlok' have assembled at one place to resolve the crafted music. Angelides (2009) is of the view that PAR is like a jazz and we know that in the jazz there is the knowledge collaboration where the experience is shared. Jazz is the better example of the democracy where the people are able to express the freedom till they are acting with the groups. So, in the case of the PAR THERE is mentioned the thing that there is the prices of the improvisation.PAR combines the theory and the practices all way and it resembles to the cycles of the action and the reflection in the manner that will give the demonstration of the understanding of the social, political and the economic forces that are present. Lentz (2008) says that one of the most accomplished Indian authors Sri Rabindra Nath Tagore has compared the banyan tree to the knowledge, significance and learning with the meditation. So, is this PAR that is related to the knowledge and the learning? In this respect it can be said that the banyan tree means that there are the gathering of the common people and do they also share the same opinion in the community. With its deep roots, the banyan tree reaches to the depth and this very PAR also reaches to the deep of the all conditions that prevails. Alexiadou (2001) says that the roots of the PAR is limited to the fact that there are various ways by which the democracy and the such like things will emerge and this was firstly emerge in the African and American voices .the democracy is the matter of where the people have freedom and in it the diverse knowledge is thus shared where people are giving the various notions with the familiarizing knowledge. It has also contributed to the development of the adult education whew the common and ordinary man is able t get the shape of the knowledge through the opinions and the rsearches.PAR has emerged like the challenge to all the social problems. It is know that with the education and such like activities the ordinary man is capable of making the best products to the people so that they will be able to get the piece of the work done in this manner. PAR-theory and method Allen (2008) says that the theory and the methodological difference is offered, in the par there is always seen that with the notion and the time, the theory and the practical or the methodological approach is very different in the nature and it will thus become like something that brings the framework to the greater contrast. The method part consists of the practical dimension. Conclusion ldhous (2009) says that the PAR is related to the knowledge and the exploring of the problems. When it is compared to the jazz and the banyan tree, then it shows that this filed is deeply concerned with the democratic problems that arise in the society and country. References Alexiadou, N. (2001) Researching policy implementation: interview data analysis in institutional contexts.International Journal of Social Research Methodology,4(1), pp. 51-69. Allen, T. D., Eby, L. T., OBrien, K. E. and Lentz, E. (2008) The state of mentoring research: A qualitative review of current research methods and future research implications.Journal of Vocational Behavior,73(3), pp. 343-357. Andersen, N. A. A. (2003)Discursive analytical strategies: understanding Foucault, Koselleck, Laclau, Luhmann. Bristol, The Policy Press. Angelides, P., Constantinou, C. and Leigh, J. (2009) The role of paraprofessionals in developing inclusive education in Cyprus. European Journal of Special Needs Education,24(1), pp. 75-89. Apodaca, T. R. and Longabaugh, R. (2009) Mechanisms of change in motivational interviewing: a review and preliminary evaluation of the evidence.Addiction,104(5), pp. 705-715. ldhous, P. (2009)Psychiatry's civil war

BICULTURALISMS INFLUENCE ON THE VISUAL CULTURE OF SOUTHEAST essays

BICULTURALISMS INFLUENCE ON THE VISUAL CULTURE OF SOUTHEAST essays Biculturalism is an integral part in analyzing the contemporary and modern artwork of Southeast Asia. Regardless of the country, every part of Southeast Asia has its own history with a complex timeline of western influences that have an impact on the style of each countrys art. This essay will focus mainly on Bali in looking specifically at how western influences have shaped the visual style that has since become identifiably specific to Southeast Asian artists in these two countries. There are several various ways that the National identity of these countries in relation to its historical colonial origin have, throughout history, influenced artists in both the content and style of their art but this essay will be focusing on three specific categories of influence: visiting western mentors of the visual arts, the consumer tourist market and its demand on specific pieces of art in Southeast Asia, as well as specific artists and their struggle for their own national identity. Looking at art in Southeast Asia in the twentieth century, one begins to notice a development of technique and style, specifically in Bali, around the nineteen thirties. This has been attributed to the influence of visiting artists, namely Walter Spies and Rudolf Bonnet, both of whom made their homes in Bali in the late 1920s (Geertz, 6) . Prior to Spies and Bonnets arrival in it becomes difficult to trace back the styles found in the modern and contemporary art of Bali. If one were to compare the traditional paintings found in Bali to the works made in the nineteen thirties and thereafter one would clearly see a difference in style and technique. In the traditional paintings discussed by Geertz one sees stiff figures stand[ing] against white backgrounds...There is no differentiation between foreground and background; all the figures are on one plane whereas the paintings made in Bali in the nineteen thirties...

Biography of Bernardo OHiggins, Liberator of Chile

Biography of Bernardo O'Higgins, Liberator of Chile Bernardo OHiggins (August 20, 1778–October 24, 1842) was a Chilean landowner, general, president, and one of the leaders of its struggle for independence. Although he had no formal military training, OHiggins took charge of the ragged rebel army and fought the Spanish from 1810 to 1818, when Chile achieved its independence. Today, he is revered as the liberator of Chile and the father of the nation. Fast Facts: Bernardo O'Higgins Known For:  Leader during Chiles struggle for independence, general, presidentBorn:  August 20, 1778 in Chilln, ChileParents: Ambrosio OHiggins and Isabel RiquelmeDied:  October 24, 1842 in Lima, PeruEducation: San Carlos College, Peru, Catholic school in EnglandNotable Quote: Lads! Live with honor, or die with glory! He who is brave, follow me! Early Life Bernardo was the illegitimate child of Ambrosio OHiggins, a Spanish officer born in Ireland who immigrated to South America and rose through the ranks of the Spanish bureaucracy, eventually reaching the high post of Viceroy of Peru. His mother Isabel Riquelme was the daughter of a prominent local, and he was raised with her family. Bernardo only met his father once (and at that time he did not know who he was) and spent most of his early life with his mother and traveling. As a young man, he went to England, where he lived on a small allowance that his father sent him. While there, Bernardo was tutored by legendary Venezuelan Revolutionary Francisco de Miranda. Return to Chile Ambrosio formally recognized his son in 1801 on his deathbed, and Bernardo suddenly found himself the owner of a prosperous estate in Chile. He returned to Chile and took possession of his inheritance, and for a few years he lived quietly in obscurity. He was appointed to the governing body as the representative of his region. Bernardo might well have lived his life as a farmer and local politician if it were not for the great tide of independence that was building in South America. OHiggins and Independence OHiggins was an important supporter of the September 18 movement in Chile, which began the nations struggle for independence. When it became apparent that the actions of Chile would lead to war, he raised two cavalry regiments and an infantry militia, mostly recruited from families who worked his lands. As he had no training, he learned how to use weapons from veteran soldiers. Juan Martà ­nez de Rozas was president and OHiggins supported him, but Rozas was accused of corruption and criticized for sending valuable troops and resources to Argentina to help the independence movement there. In July 1811, Rozas stepped down and was replaced by a moderate junta. OHiggins and Carrera The junta was soon overthrown by Josà © Miguel Carrera, a charismatic young Chilean aristocrat who had distinguished himself in the Spanish army in Europe before deciding to join the rebel cause. OHiggins and Carrera would have a tempestuous, complicated relationship for the duration of the struggle. Carrera was more dashing, outspoken, and charismatic, while OHiggins was more circumspect, brave, and pragmatic. During the early years of the struggle, OHiggins was generally subordinate to Carrera  and dutifully followed his orders as best he could. This power dynamic would not last, however. The Siege of Chilln After a series of skirmishes and small battles against the Spanish and royalist forces from 1811–1813, OHiggins, Carrera, and other rebel generals chased the royalist army into the city of Chilln. They laid siege to the city in July of 1813, in the middle of the harsh Chilean winter. The siege was a disaster for the rebels. The patriots could not completely dislodge the royalists. When they did manage to take part of the town, the rebel forces engaged in raping and looting, which caused the province to sympathize with the royalist side. Many of Carreras soldiers, suffering in the cold without food, deserted. Carrera was forced to lift the siege on August 10, admitting that he could not take the city. Meanwhile, OHiggins had distinguished himself as a cavalry commander. Appointed Commander Not long after Chilln, Carrera, OHiggins, and their men were ambushed at a site called El Roble. Carrera fled the battlefield, but OHiggins remained despite a bullet wound in his leg. OHiggins turned the tide of the battle and emerged a national hero. The ruling junta in Santiago had seen enough of Carrera after his fiasco at Chilln and his cowardice at El Roble and made OHiggins commander of the army. OHiggins, always modest, argued against the move, saying that a change of high command was a bad idea, but the junta had decided: OHiggins would lead the army. The Battle of Rancagua OHiggins and his generals battled Spanish and royalist forces throughout Chile for another year before the next decisive engagement. In September 1814, Spanish General Mariano Osorio was moving a large force of royalists into position to take Santiago and end the rebellion. The rebels decided to make a stand outside the town of Rancagua, on the way to the capital. The Spanish crossed the river and drove off a rebel force under Luà ­s Carrera (brother of Josà © Miguel). Another Carrera brother, Juan Josà ©, was trapped in the city. OHiggins bravely moved his men into the city to reinforce Juan Josà © in spite of the approaching army, which far outnumbered the rebels in the city. Although OHiggins and the rebels fought very bravely, the result was predictable. The massive royalist force eventually  drove the rebels out of the city. The defeat could have been avoided had Luà ­s Carreras army returned, but it did not- under orders from Josà © Miguel. The devastating loss at Rancagua meant that Santiago would have to be abandoned: There was no way to keep the Spanish army out of the Chilean capital. Exile OHiggins and thousands of other Chilean rebels made the weary trek into Argentina and exile. He was joined by the Carrera brothers, who immediately began jockeying for position in the exile camp. Argentinas independence leader,  Josà © de San Martà ­n, supported OHiggins, and the Carrera brothers were arrested. San Martà ­n began working with Chilean patriots to organize the liberation of Chile. Meanwhile, the victorious Spanish in Chile were punishing the civilian population for their support of the rebellion. Their harsh brutality only caused the people of Chile to long for independence. When OHiggins returned, the general population was ready. Return to Chile San Martà ­n believed that all of the lands to the south would be vulnerable as long as Peru remained a royalist stronghold. Therefore, he raised an army. His plan was to cross the Andes, liberate Chile, and then march on Peru. OHiggins was his choice as the man to lead Chiles liberation. No other Chilean commanded the respect that OHiggins did (with the possible exception of the Carrera brothers, whom San Martà ­n did not trust). On January 12, 1817, a formidable rebel army of some 5,000 soldiers set out from Mendoza to cross the mighty Andes. Like  Simà ³n Bolà ­vars epic 1819 crossing of the Andes, this expedition was very harsh. San Martà ­n and OHiggins lost some men in the crossing, although their sound planning meant that most soldiers survived. A clever ruse had sent the Spanish scrambling to defend the wrong passes and the army arrived in Chile unopposed. The Army of the Andes, as it was called, defeated the royalists at the  Battle of Chacabuco  on February 12, 1817, clearing the path to Santiago. When San Martà ­n defeated the Spanish last-gasp attack at the  Battle of Maipu  on April 5, 1818, the rebel victory was complete. By September 1818, most Spanish and royalist forces had retreated to try to defend Peru, the last Spanish stronghold on the continent. End of the Carreras San Martà ­n turned his attention to Peru, leaving OHiggins in charge of Chile as a virtual dictator. At first, he had no serious opposition: Juan Josà © and Luis Carrera had been captured attempting to infiltrate the rebel army. They were executed in Mendoza. Josà © Miguel, OHiggins greatest enemy, spent the years from 1817 to 1821 in southern Argentina with a small army, raiding towns in the name of gathering funds and weapons for liberation. He was finally executed after being captured, ending the long-standing and bitter OHiggins-Carrera feud. OHiggins the Dictator OHiggins, left in power by San Martà ­n, proved to be an authoritarian ruler. He hand-picked a Senate and the 1822 Constitution allowed representatives to be elected to a toothless legislative body.  OHiggins was a de facto dictator. He believed that Chile needed a strong leader to implement change and control simmering royalist sentiment. OHiggins was a liberal who promoted education and equality and curtailed the privileges of the wealthy. He abolished all noble titles, even though there were few in Chile. He changed the tax code and did much to encourage commerce, including the completion of the Maipo Canal. Leading citizens who had repeatedly supported the royalist cause saw their lands taken away if they had left Chile and they were heavily taxed if they remained. The Bishop of Santiago, the royalist-leaning Santiago Rodrà ­guez Zorrilla, was exiled to Mendoza. OHiggins further alienated the church by allowing Protestantism into the new nation and by reserving the right to meddle in church appointments. He made many improvements to the military, establishing different branches of service, including a Navy to be led by the Scotsman Lord Thomas Cochrane. Under OHiggins, Chile remained active in the liberation of South America, often sending reinforcements and supplies to San Martà ­n and  Simon Bolà ­var, then fighting in Peru. Downfall OHiggins support began to erode quickly. He had angered the elite by taking away their noble titles and, in some cases, their lands. He then alienated the commercial class by continuing to contribute to expensive wars in Peru. His finance minister Josà © Antonio Rodrà ­guez Aldea was revealed to be corrupt, using the office for personal gain. By 1822, hostility to OHiggins had reached a crucial point. The opposition to OHiggins gravitated towards General Ramà ³n  Freile as a leader, himself a hero of the Independence wars, if not a hero of OHiggins stature. OHiggins attempted to placate his foes with a new constitution, but it was too little, too late. Seeing that cities were prepared to rise against him in arms, OHiggins agreed to step down on January 28, 1823. He remembered only too well the costly feuding between himself and the Carreras and how a lack of unity had almost cost Chile its independence. He went out in dramatic fashion, baring his chest to the assembled politicians and leaders who had turned against him and inviting them to take their bloody revenge. Instead, all present cheered for him and escorted him to his home. Exile General Josà © Marà ­a de la Cruz claimed that OHiggins peaceful departure from power avoided a good deal of bloodshed and said, OHiggins was greater in those hours than he had been in the most glorious days of his life. Intending to go into exile in Ireland, OHiggins made a stop in Peru, where he was warmly welcomed and given a large estate. OHiggins had always been a somewhat simple man and a reluctant general, hero, and president, and he happily settled into his life as a landowner. He met Bolà ­var and offered his services, but when he was offered only a ceremonial position, he returned home. Final Years and Death During his final years, OHiggins acted as an unofficial ambassador from Chile to Peru, although he never did return to Chile. He meddled in the politics of both countries, and he was on the verge of being unwelcome in Peru when he was invited back to Chile in 1842. He did not make it home, as he died of heart trouble while en route on October 24, 1842. Legacy Bernardo OHiggins was an unlikely hero. He was a bastard for most of his early life, unrecognized by his father, who was a devout supporter of the king. Bernardo was ingenious and dignified, not particularly ambitious nor an especially dazzling general or strategist. He was in many ways as unlike Simà ³n Bolivar as it is possible to be: Bolà ­var had much more in common with the dashing, confident Josà © Miguel Carrera. Nevertheless, OHiggins had many positive qualities that were not always apparent. He was brave, honest, forgiving, and dedicated to the cause of liberty. He did not back down from fights, even those he could not win. During the wars of liberation, he was often open to compromise when more stubborn leaders like Carrera were not. This prevented unnecessary bloodshed among rebel forces, even if it did mean repeatedly allowing the hot-headed Carrera back into power. Like many heroes, most of OHiggins failings have been forgotten and his successes are exaggerated and celebrated in Chile. He is revered as the Liberator of his country. His remains lie in a monument called The Altar of the Fatherland. A city is named after him, as well as several Chilean navy ships, countless streets, and a military base. Even his time as dictator of Chile, for which he has been criticized for clinging too tightly to power, is viewed by many historians as more beneficial than not. He was a strong personality when his nation needed guidance, yet by most accounts, he did not overly repress the people or use his power for personal gain. Many of his liberal policies, seen as radical at the time, are respected today. Sources Concha Cruz, Alejandor and Maltà ©s Cortà ©s, Julio.  Historia de Chile.  Bibliogrfica Internacional, 2008.Harvey, Robert.  Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence. The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John.  The Spanish American Revolutions 1808–1826. W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Scheina, Robert L.  Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791–1899. Brasseys Inc., 2003.Concha Cruz, Alejandor and Maltà ©s Cortà ©s, Julio.  Historia de Chile  Santiago: Bibliogrfica Internacional, 2008.Harvey, Robert.  Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence.The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John.  The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826. W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Scheina, Robert L.  Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899. Brasseys Inc., 2003.

Budgetary Control in Performance Management Essay

Budgetary Control in Performance Management - Essay Example A budget is a formal statement of financial resources that have been set aside to finance specific activities over a given time period. Through a budget, managers can be able to coordinate organizational activities with it being a point of reference. Integrative Budgetary Control Integrative organizational budgetary control is a technique in which actual results of activities are compared to those specified in a budget and corrective actions undertaken. Differences that exist between actual and planned activities in the budget result in budgetary control measures where responsibility centers are charged with the responsibility of exercising organizational control action or revising the specific budget plans. Through responsibility centers, organization managers can monitor functions of the organizations and make necessary corrections to deviation from plans (Singla, 2009, p.117). A responsibility centre is basically a functional unit in an organization being headed by a hierarchical manager charged unit performance. Responsibility centers may include expense centers, revenue centers and investments centers. Budgetary control with regards to revenue centers involves comparison of actual outputs with budget outputs to ascertain necessary control measures. ... Basically, there is no planning system that can be used successfully in performance management without having an efficient and effective control system. Budget formulation is closely attached to control aspects where executives exercise organization control through budgetary control. Integrated organizational budgetary control involves preparation of a broad variety of budgets, continuous comparison of performance plans with actual performance and budget revision in the light of existing variances. Budget revision requires that a budgetary control system should be able to provide enough flexibility scope for particular initiative and revision measures. Performance management budgetary control is therefore an important device used by executives to control organization in achieving goals and controlling costs more efficiently Budgetary control compels the management of a particular organization to think about the ideal expectations for the future and what measures should be put in plac e with regards to existing shortcomings. The control process forces individuals charged with managerial responsibility to look ahead and manage the organization towards a purpose and direction be setting out detailed plans to achieving the relevant targets. Through this, the management is able to promote communication and coordination within the organization. The process also defines clearly the areas of responsibility, as it requires managers of responsibility centers to be accountable to deviations or underachievement of budget targets. Integrative budgetary control uses a budget as a basis for appraising organizational performance at a departmental level. Organizational performance variance from planned